dos. Material and methods
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
Particularly, new WBQ brings: (A) studies into the reputation of participant; (B) tape away from practices towards the period of the earlier week away from solid and you can liquid dinner, water or drinks out of a partial-decimal dinner frequency survey (FFQ) regarding 58 dishes validated to possess estimating opportunity consumption together with most sugar and you can honey that is put into beverages; and you may (C) estimation out-of physical exercise using their the brand new Worldwide Physical exercise Questionnaire (IPAQ) , and that ideas time of physical exercise during the around three hobby levels (intense, modest, mild take action) or inactive standards. The newest IPAQ has been confirmed previously while the a corner-national tool getting tape physical activity [20,21,22] and also to imagine energy expenditure.
The energy and you may liquid posts regarding recorded food and you can drinks try assessed by using the Diet plan Analysis Together with (Wadsworth Posting Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), and therefore spends structure investigation throughout the USDA National Nutrient Database and you can chosen Greek products (i.age., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek natural yogurt, lentiles beans soup, multiple Greek pies, souvlaki, stuffed tomatoes) . Predicated on complete times intake and energy cost, energy harmony was analyzed also.
Within study, “drinks” identifies fruit juice otherwise packed liquid 100% instead of sugar posts, sugar-sugary beverages (SSDs) (good fresh fruit nectar having sugar, soft drinks that have sugar and energy/isotonic products), low calorie soft drinks, beverage and you may organic infusions, whole milk (all sorts of dairy, chocolate whole milk and you may cocoa take in), milkshake and you will sherbets, coffee-and java drinks, and you will alcohol (alcohol, wine and all of types of alcohol). “Take in times consumption (DEI)” refers to opportunity consumption out of products “total time consumption (TEI)” to time consumption regarding every offer and you will “time intake off dinners” to opportunity consumption from solid and liquid dishes (elizabeth.g., soups). The latest contribution regarding products groups to complete times consumption (data of Malisova mais aussi al. 2013), presented since overall intake of water (TWI), we.e., h2o regarding beverages, drinking water, good and you will fluid dinners and as drink intake of water (DWI), i.age., liquid regarding beverages and liquids.
step 3. Statistical Studies
Results are exhibited while the imply ± sd toward generally marketed details and you will average (P25–P75) toward skewed of them. Normality was checked out utilizing the probability–chances area (P–P plot) and you can histograms. Differences when considering individuals regarding your overall opportunity intake, times regarding drinks, times of dishes, energy cost, time equilibrium, water intake, liquids off h2o and products, liquid of beverages, water regarding liquid, h2o regarding ingredients, water losings and water balance was in fact assessed on the separate attempt t-take to into normally distributed variables therefore the Mann-Whittney You-take to for the skewed ones. Likewise, differences between the newest five quartiles of your energy away from drinks was in fact analyzed into the you to definitely-ways ANOVA F-attempt for the usually delivered variables and also the Kruskal-Wallis H Attempt into skewed of these. Benefits height is lay in the 5%. Correlations between the contribution from beverages so you can drinking habits in the relatives to help you times inside the cold weather and you will summer have been checked-out by the Pearson’s or Spearman’s relationship coefficients to possess usually marketed otherwise skewed variables. All the mathematical analyses performed having fun with PASW Analytics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).