dos. Materials and methods
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
Specifically, the new WBQ will bring: (A) investigation towards reputation of the fellow member; (B) recording from consumption on the period of the past few days regarding strong and liquid dining, water otherwise products out of a semi-decimal dining regularity questionnaire (FFQ) of 58 snacks validated having quoting time consumption and the extra glucose and you may honey that’s placed into drinks; and you will (C) estimation away from physical working out using their this new In the world Physical working out Survey (IPAQ) , and that facts time of physical exercise at the three hobby levels (serious, modest, lightweight take action) otherwise sedentary requirements. The fresh IPAQ might have been validated prior to now because the a corner-federal means to possess recording physical activity [20,21,22] and imagine times expense.
The energy and you can drinking water stuff of submitted dinners and you can beverages is reviewed using the Eating plan Investigation Also (Wadsworth Posting Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), and therefore uses constitution studies throughout the USDA Federal Nutrient Databases and you may chosen Greek delicacies (we.elizabeth., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yogurt, lentiles beans soup, numerous Greek pies, souvlaki, overflowing tomatoes) . Considering complete times intake and effort expenses, opportunity equilibrium are analyzed as well.
Within analysis, “drinks” identifies good fresh fruit juices or manufactured fruit juice 100% as opposed to glucose posts, sugar-sugary drinks (SSDs) (fruit nectar having glucose, soft drinks with glucose and energy/isotonic drinks), low-calorie soft drinks, tea and you will herbal infusions, whole milk (all sorts of milk products, chocolate dairy and you may cocoa drink), milkshake and you will sherbets, coffee-and coffee drinks, and you can liquor (alcohol, wine and all sorts of version of liquor). “Drink opportunity intake (DEI)” makes reference to opportunity consumption off products “overall times intake (TEI)” so you’re able to opportunity intake out of every provide and you may “time consumption regarding delicacies” so you’re able to energy intake off good and you can water dishes (elizabeth.g., soups). The new sum out-of drinks communities so you’re able to complete opportunity consumption (analysis out of Malisova mais aussi al. 2013), displayed once the complete drinking habits BesГёk nettstedet her (TWI), i.age., drinking water of drinks, liquids, strong and fluid snacks so when take in water intake (DWI), we.age., water of drinks and liquids.
step three. Analytical Research
Results are showed just like the indicate ± sd on the usually marketed variables and you can average (P25–P75) into skewed of them. Normality is checked-out utilising the likelihood–chances area (P–P patch) and you may histograms. Differences between group concerning your total opportunity consumption, times out-of products, time out-of foods, time costs, time equilibrium, water intake, water of h2o and you can products, drinking water out of beverages, h2o regarding h2o, drinking water away from edibles, water losings and you will liquid harmony was indeed reviewed towards separate sample t-sample into generally delivered variables and the Mann-Whittney You-decide to try to your skewed ones. Likewise, differences between new four quartiles of time off products was in fact analyzed towards the one to-means ANOVA F-sample to your generally speaking delivered details and the Kruskal-Wallis H Take to toward skewed ones. Relevance level was place in the 5%. Correlations involving the contribution out-of beverages to intake of water inside the loved ones so you’re able to energy in cold weather and you can summer was indeed checked-out from the Pearson’s otherwise Spearman’s correlation coefficients for usually delivered or skewed variables. All of the mathematical analyses performed having fun with PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).